Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a set of physical and mental birth defects that can result when a woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, such as beer, wine, or mixed drinks, so does her baby. Alcohol passes through the placenta right into the developing baby. The baby may suffer lifelong damage as a result. FAS is characterized by brain damage, facial deformities, and growth deficits. Heart, liver, and kidney defects also are common, as well as vision and hearing problems. Individuals with FAS have difficulties with learning, attention, memory, and problem solving. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications. The term FASD is not intended for use as a clinical diagnosis. FASD covers other terms such as: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) the only diagnosis given by doctors. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) reserved for individuals with functional or cognitive impairments linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, including decreased head size at birth, structural brain abnormalities, and a pattern of behavioral and mental abnormalities Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) describes the physical defects linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, including heart, skeletal, kidney, ear, and eye malformations Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) a term that has been popularly used to describe alcohol-exposed individuals whose condition does not meet the full criteria for an FAS diagnosis What are the Statistics and Facts about FAS and FASD? FASD is the leading known preventable cause of mental retardation and birth defects. FASD affects 1 in 100 live births or as many as 40,000 infants each year. An individual with fetal alcohol syndrome can incur a lifetime health cost of over $800,000. In 2003, fetal alcohol syndrome cost the United States $5. 4 billiondirect costs were $3. 9 billion, while indirect costs added another $1. 5 billion. Children do not outgrow FASD. The physical and behavioral problems can last for a lifetime. FAS and FASD are found in all racial and socio-economic groups. FAS and FASD are not genetic disorders. Women with FAS or affected by FASD have healthy babies if they do not drink alcohol during their pregnancy. Can I drink alcohol when I am pregnant? No. Do not drink alcohol when you are pregnant. When you drink alcohol, such as beer, wine, or mixed drinks, so does your baby. Alcohol is a substance known to be harmful to human development. When it reaches the blood supply of the baby, it can cause permanent defects to the major organs and central nervous system. Is there any kind of alcohol that is safe to drink during pregnancy? No. Drinking any kind of alcohol can hurt your baby. Alcoholic drinks can include beer, wine, liquor, wine coolers, or mixed drinks. What if I am pregnant and have been drinking? If you drank alcohol before you knew you were pregnant, stop drinking now. Anytime a pregnant woman stops drinking, she decreases the risk of harm to the baby. If you are trying to get pregnant, do not drink alcohol. You may not know you are pregnant right away. What if I drank during my last pregnancy and my baby was fine? Every pregnancy is different. Drinking alcohol may hurt one baby more than another. You could have one child that is born healthy and another child that is born with problems. What if a friend, partner, spouse or family member is drinking while pregnant? Many women are unaware of the consequences of drinking during pregnancy. Some women believe wine or beer is not alcohol. In many cases, she may be suffering from alcoholism. She may need to know what effects alcohol can have on the baby. She also may need help getting into treatment. In such cases, you should contact a treatment professional at a local addiction center for advice on how to help. http://www. nofas. org/faqs. aspx? id=5 Copyright 2001-2004 National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome An individuals place, and success, in society is almost entirely determined by neurological functioning. A neurologically injured child is unable to meet the expectations of parents, family, peers, school, career and can endure a lifetime of failures. The largest cause of neurological damage in children is prenatal exposure to alcohol. These children grow up to become adults. Often the neurological damage goes undiagnosed, but not unpunished. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS), Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND), Static Encephalopathy (alcohol exposed) (SE) and Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD) are all names for a spectrum of disorders caused when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol. There are strategies that can work to help the child with an FASD compensate for some difficulties. Early and intensive intervention and tutoring can do wonders, but the need for a supportive structure is permanent. Studies on addiction in Ontario have shown about a 10 12% alcohol addiction rate among adults, with another 20% drinking to a level that places them at high risk. Legally intoxicated is defined as a Blood Alcohol Level of . 08%. A 100 lb (45 kg) female consuming 5 standard drinks (A drink equals a 12 oz. regular beer, 1 oz. shot of 100 proof liquor, 1. 5 oz. shot of 80 proof liquor, or 4 oz. glass of regular table wine) will reach a BAL of . 25% three times the legal limit. BAL reduces . 01% per hour. The Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2000/01 found that: 6. 8% of girls ages 12 to 14 19. 8% of girls age 12 to 19 26. 0% ages 20 to 24 19. 9% ages 20 to 34 consumed 5 or more drinks on each occasion 12 or more times per year. An additional: 32. 2% ages 15 to 34 13. 8% of girls ages 12 to 14 consumed 5 or more drinks on each occasion 1 to 11 times per year. Copyright  © 2005 Journals and Procedural Research Branch Office of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Most girls are 2 to 3 months pregnant before they find out. Given the prime childbearing age range, the odds are very high that about 20% of babies have been exposed to multiple binges in high levels of alcohol in the first trimester, before the girl even knew she was pregnant. It is Party Hearty Time. The vast majority of these girls are NOT alcoholics. About 50% of pregnancies are unplanned. If you are drinking, stay out of the backseat as well as the drivers seat! Maternal prenatal alcohol consumption even at low levels is adversely related to child behavior. The effect was observed at average exposure levels as low as 1 drink per week. The Canadian Centre for Childrens Research at McMaster University Hospitals (Hamilton Ontario) states that 20% of Canadian children have serious mental health issues. Typical of school boards in Canada, a major southwestern Ontario School Board (urban / rural mix) with 28,000 Elementary and Secondary School students, has 6,000 students receiving services from the Special Education Department. Of the 6,000, only 250 are classified as Gifted with the balance having significant disabilities (20. 6%). While not all the individuals with disabilities are identified as the disabilities having been caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol, the vast majority of the disabilities are of types known to be caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is so grossly under-reported that the FAS statistics are almost meaningless. There are very few doctors who have received any training in diagnosing FASD and most prefer to use non-judgmental diagnoses such as ADD, ADHD, LD, MR, RAD, ODD, Bi-Polar, Tourettes, etc.. These diagnoses dont imply the mother has done something that could have affected her baby during pregnancy. However, they can also lead to inappropriate treatment and a lifetime of pain. Failure to identify the real source can lead to more children being born with the same issues to the same mothers and the cycle continuing into the next generation FASD children having FASD babies. Alcohol, hormones, a twitch in the kilt, poor impulse control and inability to predict consequences are a deadly combination. Accidents cause people. FASD is not a threshold condition. It is a continuum ranging from mild intellectual and behavioural issues to the extreme that often leads to profound disabilities or premature death. Denial is not just a river in Egypt. Alcohol as a Teratogen on the Baby ? http://www. acbr. com/fas/. Problem: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental and physical defects which develops in some unborn babies when the mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy. A baby born with FAS may be seriously handicapped and require a lifetime of special care. Some babies with alcohol-related birth defects, including smaller body size, lower birth weight, and other impairments, do not have all of the classic FAS symptoms. These symptoms are sometimes referred to as Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Researchers do not all agree on the precise distinctions between FAS and FAE cases. Cause of the Problem: Alcohol in a pregnant womans bloodstream circulates to the fetus by crossing the placenta. There, the alcohol interferes with the ability of the fetus to receive sufficient oxygen and nourishment for normal cell development in the brain and other body organs. Possible FAS Symptoms: Growth deficiencies: small body size and weight, slower than normal development and failure to catch up. The fact sheets below were developed by many different authors. In some cases, the fact sheets were placed on the web by a different organization than the one that wrote the document. However, all of the fact sheets are in the public domain to encourage wide distribution. You are free to copy and use these fact sheets. The following list of abbreviations was used to indicate the source of the document in the links provided on this page. Many of the sites listed contain additional information beyond the fact sheets that are listed on this page. We encourage you to explore each site. http://www. well. com/user/woa/fsfas. htm RSmith:02-15-94 MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse 1706 East Elm; P. O. Box 687 Jefferson City, Missouri 65102 The following Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy: FAS: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms include small head/body, facial characteristics, brain damage FAE: Fetal Alcohol Effects Symptoms usually not visible, such as behavior disorders, attention deficits ARBD: Alcohol Related Birth Defects. Anomalies such as heart defects, sight/hearing problems, joint anomalies, etc. ARND: Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders Disorders such as attention deficits, behavior disorders, obsessive/compulsive disorder, etc. FASD: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders All of the disorders named above are contained in the spectrum. Full FAS comprises only about 10% of the spectrum. The other 90% may have fewer physical symptoms but are at greater risk for developing serious secondary conditions later. (Streissguth, 1997) FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation in western civilization. But Most persons with FAS have an IQ in the normal range. (Streissguth, 1997). The incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in America is 1. 9 cases per 1,000 births (1/500). Incidence of babies with disabilities resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure: 1/100! FAS/FAE is a major health issue in western civilization today. More American babies are born with FAS than with Down Syndrome, MD, and HIV combined. Alcohol causes more neurological damage to the developing baby than any other substance. Lecture Summary Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive but rather to give a broad overview of current knowledge in the area, and of ongoing human and animal research in the area. Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure can result in the fetal alcohol syndrome and both changes in brain structure and behavior have been reported in these children. Importantly, current data indicate that individuals exposed to heavy doses of alcohol in utero, but without the facial characteristics of FAS, can also suffer from similar brain and behavioral changes. Animal models have proven to be an excellent research tool in this field, as there appears to be good concordance between the animal and human data. The animal models provide a means to examine mechanisms of alcohol damage, to control for factors not possible in most human studies, and to help answer important clinical questions. Fetal alcohol effects are preventable, and every child born with a defect related to prenatal alcohol exposure indicates a failure of the health care system. Lecturer Dr. Ed Riley http://rsoa. org/lectures/07/index. html Background Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive. For more detailed overview, the following references might be helpful. It is important to remember that as the mother consumes alcohol and her blood alcohol level rises, that alcohol is freely crossing the placenta and the embryo or fetus is being exposed to the same blood alcohol levels. References Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive. For more detailed overview, the following references might be helpful. It is important to remember that as the mother consumes alcohol and her blood alcohol level rises, that alcohol is freely crossing the placenta and the embryo or fetus is being exposed to the same blood alcohol levels. References Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background What each of these papers described was a common set of features that could occur in the offspring of mothers who drank heavily during their pregnancies. This constellation of features was named the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in 1973 by Jones and colleagues. In order to be diagnosed as having FAS, the individual MUST meet all three criteria. There is a specific pattern of facial anomalies, which will be shown shortly. There is pre and or postnatal growth deficiency. Usually the children are born small (7drinks/week 5 or more drinks per occasion). The data on the left side of the slide come from Louise Floyd of the CDC. The first four studies were sponsored by the CDC and the other two estimates on the left side come from the IOM report (Stratton, 1996). AI/AN stands for American Indian/Alaska Native. The numbers on the right side are from a recent study by Sampson et al. , (1997). They demonstrated rates of FAS of at least 2. 8/1000 live births in Seattle, 4. 6/1000 in Cleveland, and between 1. 3 and 4. 8/1000 in Roubaix, France. Interestingly, in this study they estimate the prevalence in Seattle for FAS and ARND at 9. 1/1000 births. This would mean that nearly 1 in every 100 children is affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. The last number from South Africa is from recent work done by Phil May and colleagues. References Egeland G, Perham-Hester KA, Gessner BD, Ingle D, Berner JE,Middaugh JP. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Alaska, 1977 through 1992: An administrative prevalence derived from multiple data sources. American Journal of Public Health. 1998. 88(5): 781-786. Aberdeen IHS Area (1995) MMWR. vol 44(#):253-261. BDMP (1995): MMWR Vol. 44(13):249-253. Atlanta, Ga. (1997) MMWR Vol. 46(47): 1118-1120. Sampson, P. D. , Streissguth, A. P. , Bookstein, F. L. , Little, R. E. , Clarren, S. K. , Dehaene, P. , Hanson, J. W. , Graham, J. M. , Jr. (1997). Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology, 56(5), 317-326. Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine: 1996 Clinic-based (page 89), American Indian/Alaskan Native (page 88) May, P. , Viljoen, D. , Gossage, J. , Brooke, L. , Croxford, J. (1999). An epidemiological analysis of data from children with fetal alcohol syndrome and controls in Wellington, South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23 (5), 110A. May, P. , Viljoen, D. , Gossage, J. , Brooke, L. , Croxford, J (1999). An update on the maternal risk factors associated with the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in Wellington, South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23 (5), 91A Background It must be stressed that the facial characteristics basically define FAS. Without these facial features, one cannot be diagnosed with FAS. In particular, the discriminating features are short palpebral fissures (the length of the eye opening), a flat midface, an indistinct or flat philtrum (the ridge under the nose), and a thin upper vermilion (lip). While each of these can occur in a variety of disorders, the combination of these features appears to be consistent with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Children with FAS can also have other facial features, such as epicanthal folds (tiny folds of tissues along the eye opening), a low nasal bridge, an underdeveloped jaw and minor ear anomalies. These individuals can also have a variety of associated features. Heart defects, skeletal anomalies, altered palmar creases (those creases on your hands), and urogenital anomalies are among the anomalies found more frequently in FAS. Reference Streissguth, A. P. (1994). A long-term perspective of FAS , Alcohol Health Research World (Vol. 18, pp. 74-81). image Facies in fetal alcohol syndrome Background The brain on the left was obtained from a 5-day-old child with FAS while the brain on the right is a control. The effects are obvious. The brain on the left suffers from microencephaly (small brain) and migration anomalies (neural and glia cells did not migrate to their proper location in the brain, but instead many of them simply migrated to the top of the cortex). Although it cannot be seen here, there is also agenesis of the corpus callosum and the ventricles are dilated. The corpus callosum is the major fiber tract connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (more on this later). Major findings of other autopsies of children with FAS have found microcephaly, hydrocephaly, cerebral dysgenesis, neuroglial heterotopias, corpus callosum anomalies, ventricle anomalies, and cerebellar anomalies. It must be pointed out, however, that these autopsies have typically been conducted only on the most severe cases, since these children often have enough problems that they do not survive. The interested reader on the pathological changes that occur in FAS is referred to the following articles. References Clarren, S. K. (1986). Neuropathology in fetal alcohol syndrome. In J. R. West (Ed. ), Alcohol and Brain Development (pp. 158-166). New York: Oxford University Press. Roebuck, T. M. , Mattson, S. N. , and Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neuroanatomical findings in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22 (2),339-344. Image brain damage resulting from prenatal alcohol Background The image on the left is a normal midsaggital MRI scan of the human brain with the cerebrum and cerebellum pointed out. The data on the right show the reduction in size of the these two areas in children with FAS and PEA. PEA stands for Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, and includes children with known histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure, but who lack the features necessary for a diagnosis of FAS. As can be seen, the extent of reduction in the volume of both the cerebrum and cerebellum is significant. While the PEA group shows a reduction in volume, with these sample sizes, this is not a significant difference. Other brain imaging studies indicate disproportionate size reductions in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and corpus callosum. The data are presented as percent of normal matched controls. References Mattson, S. N. , Jernigan, T. L. , Riley, E. P. (1994a). MRI and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Research World, 18(1), 49-52. Archibald, S. L. , Fennema-Notestine, C. , Gamst, A. , Riley, E. P. , Mattson, S. N. , and Jernigan, T. L. (submitted, 2000). Brain dysmorphology in individuals with severe prenatal alcohol exposure. image change in brain size Background One anomaly that has been seen in FAS is agenesis of the corpus callosum. While not common, it occurs in FAS cases (~6%) more frequently than in the general population (0. 1%) or in the developmentally disabled population (2-3%). In fact it has been suggested that FAS may be the most common cause of agenesis of the corpus callosum. In the top left picture, is a control brain. The other images are from children with FAS. In the top middle the corpus callosum is present, but it is very thin at the posterior section of the brain. In the upper right the corpus callosum is essentially missing. The bottom two pictures are from a 9 year old girl with FAS. She has agenesis of the corpus callosum and the large dark area in the back of her brain above the cerebellum is a condition known as coprocephaly. It is essentially empty space. Most children with FAS do have a corpus callosum, although it may be reduced in size. The reduction in size occurs primarily in the front and rear portions (genu and splenium). One interesting item is that this same pattern of reduction in the genu and splenium has been found in ADHD children. The behavioral problems seen in FAS frequently are similar to those seen in ADHD. References Mattson, S. N. , Jernigan, T. L. , Riley, E. P. (1994a). MRI and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Research World, 18(1), 49-52. Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. (1995). Prenatal exposure to alcohol: What the images reveal. Alcohol Health Research World, 19(4), 273-277. Riley, E. P. , Mattson, S. N. , Sowell, E. R. , Jernigan, T. L. , Sobel, D. F. , Jones, K. L. (1995). Abnormalities of the corpus callosum in children prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19(5), 1198-1202. Background There have been over a dozen retrospective studies of children with FAS (total N = 269). Overall, these studies, such as the Seattle studies or studies out of Germany, reported an overall mean IQ of 72. 26 (range of means = 47. 4-98. 2). The data presented here were collected in San Diego, CA as part of a project at the Center for Behavioral Teratology. The mean IQ performances of children with FAS were compared to alcohol-exposed children with few if any features of FAS. All children in this study were exposed prenatally to high amounts of alcohol, however only the FAS group displayed the craniofacial anomalies and growth deficits associated with the diagnosis. The other group was designated as having prenatal exposure to alcohol (PEA) and had documented exposure to high levels of alcohol but were not dysmorphic, microcephalic, or growth-retarded. In comparison to normal controls, both groups of alcohol-exposed children displayed significant deficits in overall IQ measures as well as deficits on most of the subtest scores. While the PEA subjects usually obtained marginally higher IQ scores than those with FAS, few significant differences were found between the two alcohol-exposed groups. These results indicate that high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure are related to an increased risk for deficits in intellectual functioning and that these deficits can occur in children without all of the physical features required for a diagnosis of FAS. Our PEA subjects may be somewhat similar to individuals identified by other groups as having FAE, however individuals with PEA display few if any of the facial features of FAS, and are not growth retarded or microcephalic. References Streissguth AP, Aase JM, Clarren SK, Randels SP, LaDue RA, Smith DF (1991). Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1961-1967. Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. , Gramling, L. , Delis, D. C. , and Jones, K. L. (1997). Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome leads to IQ deficits. Journal of Pediatrics, 131 (5), 718-721. Mattson, S. N. and Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22 (2), 279-294. image general intellectual performance Background. This was a study of a broad range of neuropsychological tests, such as: The Wide Range Achievement Test- which assesses academic skills, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Boston Naming test-both assessment of basic language functioning, the California Verbal Learning Test-a list learning and memory test, the Visual-Motor Integration Test which measures basic visual-perceptual skills, the Grooved Pegboard test-a test of fine-motor speed and coordination, and the Childrens Category Test-a measure of nonverbal learning. Along the x-axis are the tests included in the battery; for comparison purposes, all scores were converted to standard scores with a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. Children with FAS or PEA showed deficits in comparison to controls and they were very similar to each other. There does seem to be some indication that the nonverbal measures (on the right of the slide) are not as impaired as the verbal and academic measures, which are on the left and center of the slide. The take home message is that children with FAS and those exposed to high amounts of alcohol, but without the characteristics required for a diagnosis of FAS, are similarly impaired. The FAS children tend to be a bit worse than the PEA children, but the pattern of behavioral deificits is fairly similar over a wide range of tests. References Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. , Gramling, L. , Delis, D. C. , Jones, K. L. (1998). Neuropsychological comparison of alcohol-exposed children with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome. Neuropsychology, 12(1), 146-153. image neuropsychological performanceBackground In addition to the abilities already discussed, a few studies have documented other specific neuropsychological deficits in individuals with FAS. Children with prenatal alcohol exposure, with and without FAS, have demonstrated various deficits on measures of executive functioning. These measures have revealed problems in areas such as planning (tower task-shown above), cognitive flexibility (trails test), inhibition (stroop test), and concept formation and reasoning (word context tests). Generally, performance on these measures is characterized by increased errors and more difficulty adhering to rules. Therefore, children are less successful overall. For example, on the tower measure shown above (Tower of California-similar to Tower of London), children with FAS and PEA passed fewer items overall and made more rule violations than controls. The only two rules were to never place a larger piece on top of a smaller one and to move only one piece at a time. As can be seen the alcohol exposed children had many more rule violations. In addition, deficits have been found on the WCST (Wisconsin Card Sort Test), a nonverbal measure of problem solving. The WCST test requires both problem solving and cognitive flexibility and has been proposed to be sensitive to frontal system dysfunction. This test is a gold standard in the measure of executive functioning in neuropsychology. Children with prenatal exposure to alcohol made more errors and had more difficulty with the conceptual nature of the task than controls. New data indicate that they have trouble identifying and defining concepts. Finally, tests of planning ability are also thought to be sensitive to frontal systems dysfunction although few such studies have been done in individuals with FAS. On the Progressive Planning Test which is similar to the Tower of London test children with FAS/FAE had difficulty with planning ahead and tended to perseverate on incorrect strategies. So far the results could be summarized as: 1) Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with a wide range of neurobehavioral deficits including visuospatial functioning, verbal and nonverbal learning, and executive functioning 2) Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure causes microcephaly and disproportionate reductions in the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, and cerebellum 3) Children with and without physical features of the fetal alcohol syndrome display qualitatively similar deficits References Carmichael O. H. , Feldman JJ, Streissguth AP, Gonzalez RD: Neuropsychological deficits and life adjustment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16:380, 1992 Kodituwakku PW, Handmaker NS, Cutler SK, Weathersby EK, Handmaker SD: Specific impairments in self-regulation in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19:1558-1564, 1995 Mattson, S. N. , Goodman, A. M. , Caine, C. , Delis, D. C. , Riley, E. P. (1999). Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 23(11), 1808-1815. Background Secondary disabilities are those disabilities that the individual is not born with, and hopefully with appropriate intervention could be ameliorated. This slide illustrates the extent of these secondary disabilities as a function of age. These are individuals with FAS and FAE. As can be seen over 90% of these individuals have mental health problems and about 50% of those over the age of 12 have disrupted school experiences, trouble with the law, which is frequently severe enough to require confinement. They also engage in relatively high rates of inappropriate sexual behavior and a significant number have alcohol and drug abuse problems. Interestingly, the factors that are protective against these secondary disabilities are: Being raised in a stable, nurturant home, diagnosis before the age of 6, no sexual or physical abuse, not changing households every few years, not living in a poor quality home, and receiving Developmental Disabilities services. References Streissguth, A. P. , Barr, H. M. , Kogan, J. , Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Final Report: Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Publication Services. Image secondary disabilities Background. Much of what we know about FAS and the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure is the result of work on animal models. After FAS was identified it became important to demonstrate that the effects were indeed the result of alcohol exposure and not due to factors such as other drugs, maternal conditions, or nutritional variables. The development of appropriate animal models was very important in this regard. Models were developed for assessing physical features of FAS as well as the behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical profiles of prenatal alcohol exposure. The ideal test animal would absorb, metabolize and eliminate alcohol similar to human, transport alcohol and metabolites across.

The Perils of Regionalism:Genocide in Rwanda :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Priestley’s â€Å"Wrong Ism†, he claims that nationalism is not the strength that binds a country together, but rather all of the small local areas we are all accustomed to growing up in that gives us strength. Priestley considers nationalistic ideas and movements to be headed by people who have a love of power and who have left out their regional ties. They no longer have feelings for the areas they came from and any loyalty developed over their lifetime is watered down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Priestley feels regionalism needs to be given more credit. He assumes it provides us with roots and a sense of attachment to our community which affect people’s lives in such a way that it creates a unique bond that can be very hard to break. So in a sense, regionalism shapes our identities and I agree with his assumption that people view themselves more as part of their region rather than a part of their nation. Loyalty to one’s region can be compromised when individuals allow national power and greed to destroy their roots.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many examples of how nationalism tries to take over a region to destroy its people. For instance genocide, in nearly all examples, has been started by a power-hungry national figure who has an agenda in mind that never takes into account what a local area's wish might be for their future. Hitler is an example of this type of authoritarian oppressor who had a very complex national strategy in place to exterminate the Jews. He certainly did not consider or recognize regional differences in Europe, but rather put forth his own agenda. Genocide is on a whole different level than all other crimes against humanity. The circumstance I will describe shows how Priestley’s concept of internationalism also comes into play showing how our global watchdog agencies, such as the UN, can be slow to respond to an atrocity. For the most part, the UN has avoided and has not responded to many genocidal conflicts. Every time subjects of genocide or other similar crime s against humanity have come up, debate was intense. This probably occurred because of the many different world perspectives and ideas concerning human suffering. In addition, the punishment of genocide deals with the crime after the annihilation of people occurs. The real problem to be dealt with is that of prevention of such crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seems that a large percentage of every population are ready to obey national authority and be controlled, especially when many of the people are suffering from oppression and

A Study on Various Fruit Juice Companies of Bangladesh

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Origin of the report: This report was conducted and submitted as a partial requirement for the course Business Communication (BUS 231). The report was authorized by Eng. Mr. Kamrul Hassan, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University. The report was prepared jointly by our group members. 1. 2 Background of the Study: We were assigned as a group to have a study on various fruit juice companies of Bangladesh. We have conducted a study on their organization and also find out the consumer perception about the product.We find out the consumer perception about various fruit Juice. 1. 3 Objective of the study: The main purpose of the project is to show the customer preference to select fruit juice by doing a questionnaire based survey. We were instructed from our business communication course lecturer Eng. Mr. Kamrul Hassan to submit a business communication report on a four generetic products . We choose four fruit juice comp anies that are available in Bangladesh, such as Pran, Acme, Frutika and Shezan mango juice. This project also discusses the frequency table and show graph of different questions about fruit juice.It also helps to know the customer satisfaction level and customer brand loyalty of different brands of fruit juice. We had some objectives behind making the report. These are: †¢ To know about consumer perception for fruit Juice. †¢ To gather practical knowledge on analyzing companies financially. †¢ To be experienced on gathering survey. We believe that we were successful to fulfill most of our objectives. Thanks Allah to bless on us. 1. 4 Scope: The main focus of this report is to discuss the customer preference about the fruit juice and the factors which are the reasons to select their product.It also gives a little description about the history, mission, vision, goal and strategy about the industry. The report discusses the products and service they are giving. It also d iscusses, the target customer and market they are focusing to do business. 1. 5 Methodology: 1. 5. 1 Sources of information: We collect this information from our friends and our relatives. A small proportion of people like 20 from university and 10 from our local friends and uncle’s was selected, as the population of the study. 1. 5. 1. 1 Primary sources:Directly from filling the Questionnaire. 1. 5. 1. 2 Secondary sources: Taken data from various magazines, Newspaper and other prominent source of information collected from different websites and search engines. 1. 5. 2 Data Collection techniques: We have collected our data by questionnaire. 1. 5. 3 Data Analysis techniques: The report was mainly done on the various age of people. These people communicated with us via questionnaires. 1. 5. 3. 1 Statistical tools used: We have used frequency tables and pie chart as our statistical tools. 1. 6 Definitions and Acronyms:The human- relations dimension of communication makes it an activity that involves ethics. But business communication in particular brings ethical considerations into play. The fundamental purpose of a business is to stay in business and, most would say, to maintain or increase stakeholder wealth. When a business is in trouble or the owners are greedy, it can be tempting to try to serve this purpose by using communication in unethical ways. 1. 7 Limitation: The major limitations encountered are: †¢ Lack of enough time: The term paper was prepared within a very short time considering the topics related to it.That’s why; it was not possible to demonstrate all aspects of the report. †¢ Insufficient data: The data required for sufficient analysis for preparing the report could not be collected due to the insufficiency of data. †¢ Inconsistent data: Data from different sources were quite inconsistent which created some problems in making the report & compelled us to verify the data diligently. Some information was withheld t o preserve privacy of the companies. So, we can’t give the exact information always. 1. 8 Report Preview: The first chapter we have talked about the origin & the background of the report.We also have discussed the objectives, scopes, methodologies, definitions & acronyms and finally limitations to wrap up the chapter. Then in second chapter of the term paper we have included the introduction and some brief information on fruit juice companies. It also includes the organ gram of the companies, its missions & visions, its services etc. Then in the third chapter we have analyzed perception of consumers and make a table and graph by using statistical techniques for the fruit juice companies In the final segment, we have drawn our own conclusion regarding the ratio analysis. We also have some recommendations stated at the end.CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATION 2. 1 History of the organization(PRAN) : PRAN means P- Program for R- Rural A-  Advancement N- Nationality â€Å"PRAN† is cu rrently the most well known household name among the millions of people in Bangladesh and abroad also. Since its inception in 1980, PRAN Group has grown up in stature and became the largest fruit and vegetable processor in Bangladesh. It also has the distinction of achieving prestigious certificate like ISO 9001:2000, and being the largest exporter of processed agro products with compliance of HALAL & HACCP to more than 70 countries from Bangladesh.PRAN is the pioneer in Bangladesh to be involved in contract farming and procures raw material directly from the farmers and processes through state of the art machinery at our several factories into hygienically packed food and drinks products. The brand â€Å"PRAN† has established itself in every category of food and beverage industry and can boost a product range from Juices, Carbonated Drinks, Confectionery, Snacks, and Spices to even Dairy products.Today, our consumers not only value â€Å"PRAN† for its authentic refres hing juice drinks products, but also for its mouth watering quality confectionery products with high visual appeal and exciting texture. We intend to expand our presence to every corner of the world and strive to make â€Å"PRAN† a truly international brand to be recognized globally. 2. 2 Mission: 1. Being respectful towards everyone. 2. Being trustworthy by action. Being passionate and creative in all we do. 3. Keeping things simple in the way we do things. 4. Being ethical and transparent. 5. Demonstrating individual and collective ownership. . Practicing an open culture in communication and interaction. As a uniquely Asian company, our goal is to catalyze progress in Asia by piecing together technology, connectivity and talent – this brand is symbolic of our commitment to the industry, to the region Vision: PRAN is the largest grower and processor of fruits and vegetables in the country. Their contract growers cultivate the choicest fruits and vegetables which are p rocessed in our modern and hygienic factories to highest quality standards. They think the comparative advantage of their country as an economy lies in agriculture.They believe the way to economic prosperity is through agri and agro-business. PRAN is in testimony to their convictions. Strategy: December 2009 — Present (9 months) †¢ To prepare annual, semi-annual and quarterly plan to achieve key commercial targets for the the company. †¢ To identify, analyze and develop the competitor’s price positioning and price points relevant to tariff plans in the industry which meets customer’s needs. †¢ To identify and get well acquainted with pricing model by revising/ implementing new price plan. †¢ To identify threat or potential by tracking entire commercial divisions key performance. To identify and develop product costing and implement quarterly Commercial activities calendar. †¢ To analyze & develop and recommend co-ordination meeting with all stakeholders of pricing & product team to review the activities/stages and going forward. †¢ To identify, prepare pricing concept and develop the commercially feasible report and roll out through approved process. †¢ To achieve targeted KPI of each stages by utilizing pricing tools to meet the Pricing model. †¢ To generate concept and get it approved from management in pursuit of company's business targets. To follow the systems and policy in place to for smooth operation of sales function. 2. 3 Organizational Structure & Size: Pran Company is one of the largest Food & Beverage Company of Bangladesh. They have their network tower all over Bangladesh. They also have much shop within Bangladesh. The basic departments of this organization are- Finance, Marketing, Accounting, HR, Corporate Strategy, Internal Audit, Technology, and Corporate Affairs. There are one head for each of these departments. CEO CSO CHRO CFO CTO CMOAnd other department head officers are also im portant but lesser than these head officers. 2. 4 products, services, customers, markets | | |Company Policy: To market products of consistent quality at home and abroad as per world standards produced hygienically in accordance with | |good manufacturing practices in state of the art plants & process, packed in appropriate packaging and remain committed to these objectives at| |all the times. | | |Corporate Head Office: Property Heights, 12 R K Mission Road, Dhaka – 1203. | |LOCATION OF PRODUCTION | |Location of Production: Ghorashal, Palash, Narshingdi. | |PRODUCT CATAGORIES | |Product Categories: Juice, Drinks, Beverage, Culinary, Snacks, Confectionary, Dairy. | | |Major Exporting Products: Fruit Juices, Fruit Drinks Instant Powdered Drinks, Pickles , Canned Fruits & Vegetables, Extruded & Fried Snacks, | |Tea, Aromatic Rice, Puffed Rice, Flattened Rice, Jam & Jelly, Plain Spices, Blended Spices, Mustard Oil, Mineral Water, Dehydrated fruits, | |Tomato Ketchup / Sauce, Toffees, Candies, Bubble Gum, Biscuits & other confectionery etc. | | |Major Exporting Countries: India, KSA, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Djibouti ,Angola, Australia, Austria,, Belgium, Benin, Brunei, Burkina | |Faso, Bhutan, Cameroon, Canada, Capo Verde Islands, Chad, Congo, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, | |Greece, Guinea, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Myanmar, Mayo tee, Nederland | |Antilles, Nepal, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, RCA, Reunion Islands, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Srilanka, Sudan, Sweden, | |Switzerland, Togo, UK, USA & Yemen. | 2. 5 Future Plan of the Organization: Like every food & beverage company AMCL Pran Company also has a future plan. According to their plan, this company gives strong effort for performing well.This company is performing very competently. They are always tries to ahead of their competitors. This activity indicates that t hey want to grab more market share day by day. So the future plan of AMCL Pran Company is to grab the highest market share within couple of years. 2. 6 History of the organization (FRUTIKA): Akij Group is one of the fastest business conglomerates in Bangladesh. Founded by Late Sheikh Akij uddin, the group started in humble way through trading business in 1940. Under his dynamic and charismatic leadership, the Group rapidly rose to the peak of success and has today 25 large Industrial and Commercial Units. Akij Food and Beverage Ltd is one of them.Akij Group launched in the local market three varieties of fruit juice under the brand name, â€Å" FRUTIKA†. 2. 7 Mission, Vision, Goal Strategy: mission: As a concern sister of Akij Group, the mission of AFBL is to surf the people best quality, social well fare etc. The mission of Akij group is narrow Vision: profit increase, market share and want to be market leader. They also have a vision to create new job opportunities in the m arket. Goal: Akij group has an objective to full fill their mission and also increase the company growth with adequate profit margin and more over want to satisfy their customers. 2. 8 Service, customer, Target Audience and Market:Akij Food and BeverageLimited wants to satisfy their all the customers. But it is very difficult to satisfy the all. . So in order to make sure the customer’s choice they has different flavors of juice named Frutika like mango, Orange and grape. Future Plan: Frutika is now a well known brand. So AFBL has a plan for increase its profitability. They are looking for new plant of new flavor. They are thinking for come in market with 2 liter juice bottle. 2. 9 Future Plan of the Organization: Like every food & beverage company Akij Food and beverage limited also has a future plan. According to their plan, this company gives strong effort for performing well. This company is performing very competently.They are always tries to ahead of their competitors. This activity indicates that they want to grab more market share day by day. 2. 10 History of the organization (ACME) ACME Group is one of the leading and diversified global conglomerates in Bangladesh, with offices in all major cities, employing over 3000+ employees and dedicated to  bringing the highest quality products and services to our customers. The ACME Agrovet & Beverage Ltd. is a FMCG business venture to manufacture fruit juice, mineral water and many more. These are manufactured and bottled in a state-of-the art processing factory using latest machines and Tetra-Pak facility. 2. 11 Mission, Vision, Goal, Strategy: Mission:The mission of ACME group is perpetual quest for excellence. Vision: ACME’s holistic approach is to ensure Health, Vigor and Happiness for all by manufacturing quality products of the highest quality at affordable prices and expanding in the local and global market. 2. 12 Service, customer, Target Audience and Market: ACME, though a pharmaceutic als company, produce juice as a food product. The marketing process of ACME juice is different than the other products that ACME produces. These diversities are found in distribution line, target, promotion strategy, pricing strategy, consumer relation and so on. To identify the potential target market ACME runs survey.For ACME juice the target market is the upper class and middle class people. It includes the people who are health conscious and prefer juice to satisfy thirst rather than cold drinks. 2. 13 Future Plan: ACME’s concern is is that the happy health of consumers. They are buying new plants for innovative-safety pack for their juices. Shezan: Shezan is not our locally made juice. It is imported from Pakistan. In our local market, we get only mango flavor of Shezan. The importer of the Shezan juice in our country is Nature Care. CHAPTER 3: Findings and Analysis Research Approach The respondents for this study are consumers who are using toilet soap at home, lived in Bangladesh.Research is focused mainly on younger consumers. Small amount of elder consumer also present in this survey. A pilot survey was carried out first and then questionnaires were used as a tool to collect required data. Sampling Method There are 10 questions about fruit juice and all brands were very familiar in Bangladesh. The questionnaires were distributed among the male and female consumers who live in Dhaka. Sample size was 30 and which covers all the brands used by different respondents. Data Analysis The statistical data analysis was done mainly thorough descriptive statistics, using Chi-Square method. The SPSS software was used to execute the analysis process.Methods such as pie charts were used to derive and summarize the data. The MS Excel was also used in data summarization process. Questions used in Questionnaires: The survey questions are shown below: 1. Which brand you prefer most as the best fruit juice? i)Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan v) Others 2. Whi ch juice you usually take? i) Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan v) Others 3. How often do you buy juice? i) Everyday ii) Once in a week iii) After 15 days iv) Once in a month 4. What flavor do you like most? i) Mango ii) Grape iii) Orange iv) Lemon v) Others 5. From where you purchase the juice frequently? ) Super market ii) Grocery shop iii) Fancy shops iv) Premium grocery v) Others 6. The age group who are responding this survey? i) 9-14 ii) 15-20 iii) 21-26 iv) 27-35 v) Others 7. From where do you come to know about this juice you are taking? i)TV adv ii)Radio iii)Bill-board iv)Newspaper v) Others 8. Which size do you prefer most? i)250 mL ii) 500mL iii) 1000 mL iv) 1250 mL v) Others 9. What do you prefer bottle or packet juice? i)bottle ii)packet 10. Thinking of similar products offered by companies, how would you compare your product? i)Much better ii) Some what better iii) About the same iv) Somewhere worse v)much worse SURVEY ANALYSIS Quantity of QuestionnairesThe summary of questionnaires collected is shown below. Question 1: 1. Which brand you prefer most as the best fruit juice? i)Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 1: Which brand you prefer most as the best fruit juice? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Pran |10 |33. 33 |33. 33 |33. 33 | |ii |Frutika |7 |23. 33 |23. 3 |56. 67 | |iii |Acme |3 |10 |10 |66. 67 | |Iv |Shezan |4 |13. 33 |13. 33 |80. 0 | |v |Others |6 |20 |20 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (Pie chart): [pic] Interpretation:The table is showing that Pran is the best fruit juice on the basis of our survey. Out of 30 respondents 10 respondents go favor of Pran which results for 33. 33% of total and respondents 7 prefers Frutika which result for 23. 33%,Acme 10%,Shezan 13. 33% and Others 20% of total respondents. Question 2: 2. Which juice you usually take? i) Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 2: Whi ch juice you usually take? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Pran |8 |26. 67 |26. 67 |26. 7 | |ii |Frutika |6 |20 |20 |46. 67 | |iii |Acme |2 | 6. 67 |6. 67 |53. 34 | |Iv |Shezan |6 |20 |20 |73. 34 | |v |Others |8 |26. 67 |26. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. | | Histogram (pie chart): [pic] | | | | | | | Interpretation: From the table, we are seeing the juice which usually drink by the respondents. Out of 30 respondents 8 respondents drinks Pran which result for 26. 67% of total and 6 respondents drinks frutika which result for 20%, acme 6. 67%, shezan 20% and Others result for 26. 67% of total respondents. Question 3: 3. How often do you buy juice? i) Everyday ii) Once in a week iii) After 15 days iv) Once in a month v) others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 3: How often do you buy juice? |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Everyday |7 |33. 33 |33. 33 |33. 33 | |ii |Once in a week |9 |23. 33 |23. 33 |53. 33 | |iii |After 15 days |4 |13. 33 |13. 33 |66. 67 | |Iv |Once in a month |4 |13. 3 |13. 33 |80. 0 | |v |Others |6 |20 |20 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the above data it can be concluded without doubt that most people buy fruit juice once in a week. Second highest number of people buys juice every day which results of 33. 33%. Other people buy juice after 15 days and once in a month which results is 13. 33%. | | | | | |Question 4: | | | | | 4. What flavor do you like most? i) Mango ii) Grape iii) Orange iv) Lemon v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 4: What flavor do you like most? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Mango |12 |40 |40 |40 | |ii |Grape |4 |13. 33 |13. 3 | 53. 33 | |iii |Orange |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |70 | |Iv |Lemon |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |86. 67 | |v |Others |4 |13. 33 |13. 33 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic]Interpretation: From the above table we can see th at from the sample of 30, 40% people like mango flever, 13. 33% people like grape and others and 16. 67% people like orange and lemon. 5. From where you purchase the juice frequently? i) Super market ii) Grocery shop iii) Fancy shops iv) Premium grocery ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 5: From where you purchase the juice frequently? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Super market |10 |33. 33 |33. 33 |33. 3 | |ii |Grocery shop |2 |6. 67 |6. 67 |40 | |iii |Fancy shops |4 | 13. 33 |13. 33 | 53. 33 | |Iv |Premium grocery |6 |20 |20 |73. 33 | |v |Others |8 |26. 67 |26. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | |Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the above table we can see that from the sample of 30, 33. 33% people purchase juice from super market, 6. 67% people purchase from grocery shop, 13. 33% people purchase from fancy shop,20% people purchase from premium shop and 26. 67% people purchase from other market. Question 6: 6. The age group who are responding this survey? i) 9-14 ii) 15-20 iii) 21-26 iv) 27-35 v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 6: The age group who are responding this survey? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |0-14 9 |30 |30 | 30 | |ii |15-20 |10 |33. 33 |33. 33 |63. 33 | |iii | 21-26 |3 |10 |10 |73. 33 | |Iv |27-35 |6 | 20 |20 |93. 33 | |v |Others |2 |6. 67 |6. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the above table we can see that from the sample of 30, age between 0-14 of customer responds 30%, age between 15-20 of customer responds 33. 33%, age between 21-26 of customer responds 20%, age between 21-26 of customer responds 10%, age between 27-35 responds 20% and above that responds only 6. 67%. Question 7: 7. From where do you come to know about this juice you are taking? i)TV ad ii)Radio iii)Bill-board iv)Newspaper v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 7: From where do you come to know about this juice you ar e taking? |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |TV ad |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |16. 67 | |ii |Radio |6 |20 |20 |36. 67 | |iii |Bill-board |3 |10 |10 |46. 67 | |Iv |Newspaper |8 | 26. 67 |26. 67 |72. 7 | |v |Others |8 |26. 67 |26. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: from the table we came to know that, 16. 67% came to know about the juice from TV ad, 20% from radio, 10% bill board, 26. 67% from newspapers and others. Question 8: 8. Which size do you prefer most? i)250 mL ii) 500mL iii) 1000 mL iv) 1250 mL v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 8: Which size do you prefer most? |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |250 mL |16 |53. 33 |53. 33 |53. 33 | |ii |500mL |4 |13. 33 |13. 33 |66. 67 | |iii |1000 mL |2 |6. 67 | 6. 67 |73. 33 | |Iv |1250 mL |3 |16. 67 |16. 67 |83. 3 | |v |Others |5 |10 |10 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the above table we can see that from the sample of 30, 53. 33% people prefers 250 ml bottle of juice, 13. 33% prefers 500 ml,6. 67% 1000ml,16. 67% people prefers 1250 ml and 10% people prefers others size bottle of juice. Question 9: 9. What do you prefer bottle or packet juice? i)bottle ii)packet ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 9. What do you prefer bottle or packet juice? |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Bottle |16 |53. 33 |53. 33 |53. 33 | |Packet |14 |46. 67 |46. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100 |100 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the table we can see that 53. 33% people prefers bottle juice and 46. 67% people prefers packet juice. Question 10: 10.Thinking of similar products offered by companies, how would you compare your product? i)Much better ii) Some what better iii) About the same iv) Somewhere worse v)much worse ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 10. Thinking of similar products offered by companies, how would you compare your produ ct? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | | i)Much better |11 |36. 67 |36. 67 |36. 67 | | ii)Somewhat better |6 |20 |20 |56. 7 | | iii)About the same |3 |10 |10 |66. 67 | | iv) Somewhere worse |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |83. 39 | | v)much worse |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |100. 01 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the data above we can interpret, that most of the customer are brand loyal and they compare product much better. 16. 7%of the sample says that their product is somewhere worse or much worse and 10% customer says that their product is about the same. CHAPTER 4: Conclusions and Recommendations 4. 1 CONCLUSION The fruit juice companies in Bangladesh is consists of a few producers. The demand for this product is very much vulnerable in terms of pricing. All companies are trying to give their product at a price which is affordable to most of the people in the country. Fruit juice is an uprising product in Bangladesh as a gre ater portion of the population, in summer the frui juice demand increases. There are many fruit juice companies (pran,acme,shejan,frutika etc. has been able to penetrate the market with heavy promotional activities. With different flavor, different bottle and packet sizes, different brand, different price, different quality, have been highly successful in their fields. Its distribution process is highly efficient. It has a huge availability around the country. We have found that usually the children love to take it. We found out that mango is a very popular flavor. Though the children love this, the age old people also have interest in it. People find it as a popular medium of drink. As ours is a mainly summer based country, so we see its demand on scotching heat. 4. 2 Recommendation for fruit Juice: fruit Juice should emphasize on taste because most of the buyers prefer the juice which tastes better. ? fruit Juice can have a wide range of flavors as consumer taste varies. ? fruit Juice should launch more attractive advertisements to attract consumers. ? fruit Juice can sponsor various programs to be promoted. ? Rebate or other types of cash offs can be offered to increase sale. ? There should be separate segmentation and targeting for kids as kids motivate their parents to buy fruit Juice ? Explanations of experts can illustrate the purity of fruit Juice which will clear consumer doubts. ? More nutritious factors can be added to fruit Juice to ensure consumer health. Appended Parts: References: 1. www. wikiepidia. org/en 2. ttp://www. AMCL Pran. com 3. Consumer Survey 4. http://www. google. com Blank format of questionnaires: This questionnaire is designed to determine the factors that are most important to you as a customer of juice. Your kind and patient response would enable us to complete the survey. 1. Which brand you prefer most as the best fruit juice? i)Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan 2. Which juice you usually take? i) Pran ii) Frutika iii) Ac me iv) Shezan 3. How often do you buy juice? i) Everyday ii) Once in a week iii) After 15 days iv) Once in a month 4. What flavor do you like most? i) Mango ii) Grape iii) Orange iv) Lemon 5.From where you purchase the juice frequently? i) Super market ii) Grocery shop iii) Fancy shops iv) Premium grocery 6. The age group who are responding this survey? i) 9-14 ii) 15-20 iii) 21-26 iv) 27-35 7. From where do you come to know about this juice you are taking? i)TV adv ii)Radio iii)Bill-board iv)Newspaper 8. Which size do you prefer most? i)250 mL ii) 500mL iii) 1000 mL iv) 1250 mL 9. What do you prefer bottle or packet juice? i)bottle ii)packet 10. Thinking of similar products offered by companies, how would you compare your product? i)Much better ii) Some what better iii) About the same iv) Somewhere worse v)much worse

My Autobiography By Jocelyn Campbell - 1669 Words

?My Autobiography? by Jocelyn Campbell I was the second child and daughter born to my mother in Elgin, Illinois in the year 1956. I had a sister who was seven years older who lived with us for a short period of time, but resided mostly with her father, my mother?s first husband. After having an affair with my biological father, my mother divorced the year I was born and moved to Barrington, Illinois. My biological father paid for my mother?s apartment and the hospital bills, then exited out of our lives. A short time later the man I knew growing up as my father, married my mother. I remember a stepbrother the same age as my sister, living with us during my early childhood years. I idolized my brother who had the nickname of ?Spike.? I don?t recall when he left our family, but I was told he didn?t get along with my mother and that he blamed her for the break up of his father?s first marriage. I felt he abandoned me, as I never heard from him again and my parents never explained why he had left until later in my adult years. In a span of nine years, three additional brothers were born into our family. I was five years old when the first of the three brothers were born. I didn?t have any lasting friendships because we moved frequently due to the numerous jobs my father had in his aviation career. Critical periods and plasticity: I have jokingly told people that I flunked kindergarten because I repeated it a second year due toShow MoreRelatedInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesfull list of innovators we interviewed whom we quote in this book, see appendix A; virtually all of the innovators we quote, with the exception of Steve Jobs (Apple), Richard Branson (Virgin), and Howard Schultz (Starbucks)—who have written autobiographies or have given numerous interviews about innovation—are from our interviews. We also studied CEOs who ignited innovation in existing companies, such as Procter Gamble’s A. G. Lafley, eBay’s Meg Whitman, and Bain Company’s Orit Gadiesh